1 Shu – Japan

In 1824, Japan's currency system was a complex and increasingly strained multi-metallic structure operating under the strict isolationist policy of the Tokugawa shogunate (sakoku). The economy relied on three primary coinages: gold (koban and ōban coins), silver (chōgin and mameita-gin), and copper (mon and kanmon strings). Critically, these currencies did not have a fixed exchange rate with each other; their values fluctuated against one another in different regions and on the private exchange markets (ryōgaeshō), leading to confusion and arbitrage opportunities. Furthermore, the shogunate and over 250 semi-autonomous domains issued their own paper scrip, known as hansatsu, which was only valid within the issuing domain's borders, further complicating nationwide trade and finance.

The system was under significant pressure due to decades of debasement. Facing chronic fiscal deficits, the shogunate had repeatedly reduced the precious metal content in its coins while maintaining their face value, a short-term measure to increase revenue that eroded public trust and spurred inflation. The outflow of gold and silver through limited but vital trade with Dutch and Chinese merchants at Nagasaki exacerbated specie shortages. By 1824, these structural weaknesses had created widespread economic malaise, price instability, and a thriving black market for currency exchange, which undermined the shogunate's control over the economy.

This precarious monetary environment set the stage for the Tenpō Reforms (1841-1843), a few years later. In 1824 itself, authorities were acutely aware of the disorder but were yet to enact major corrective measures. The inherent instability of the multi-currency system, combined with domainal debt and rising commodity prices, highlighted the growing disconnect between the rigid, feudal monetary policies and the needs of a commercializing economy. This financial fragility was a significant underlying stress point within the Tokugawa state, contributing to the unrest that would culminate in its eventual downfall decades later.