3 Rubles – Russian Federation

In 2003, the Russian Federation's currency situation was characterized by a period of remarkable stability and strengthening, a stark contrast to the crises of the 1990s. The Russian ruble (RUB) was firmly under a managed float regime, where the Central Bank of Russia (CBR) intervened to smooth out excessive volatility while generally allowing market forces to determine the exchange rate. This stability was underpinned by a confluence of strong macroeconomic fundamentals: soaring global prices for oil and gas—Russia's key exports—fuelled a massive influx of petrodollars, leading to large trade and budget surpluses.

This economic windfall presented both an opportunity and a challenge for monetary authorities. The influx of foreign currency created significant upward pressure on the ruble's value. To prevent excessive appreciation, which could harm the competitiveness of non-oil exports, the CBR actively purchased foreign currency, building up its international reserves at an unprecedented rate. These reserves grew from about $48 billion at the start of the year to over $73 billion by year's end, providing a formidable buffer against external shocks. Concurrently, the government established a stabilization fund in 2004 to sterilize excess oil revenues, a direct policy response to the fiscal pressures of 2003.

Consequently, the year saw a steady nominal appreciation of the ruble against the US dollar, alongside low and declining inflation. This environment fostered growing public and business confidence in the national currency, encouraging de-dollarization as citizens and enterprises increasingly held savings and conducted transactions in rubles. Thus, 2003 stands as a foundational year of post-crisis consolidation, where Russia leveraged high commodity prices to achieve monetary stability, rebuild its reserves, and set the stage for a more assertive and sovereign financial policy in the years to follow.