10 Cash – South Xinjiang

In 1853, the currency situation in South Xinjiang (the Tarim Basin region) was characterized by severe instability and fragmentation, a direct consequence of the ongoing turmoil of the Dungan Revolt (1853-1877). The widespread anti-Qing uprisings disrupted the fragile monetary systems that had existed under the administration of the Qing Dynasty. Official Qing coinage, primarily copper cash coins (wen) produced in state mints, faced severe shortages as supply lines from central China were severed and local Qing authority collapsed. This breakdown created a vacuum that led to a crisis of both supply and trust in standardized currency.

The monetary landscape fractured into a patchwork of local and improvised solutions. In various oasis cities like Kashgar, Yarkand, and Khotan, local Muslim rulers and rebel leaders began striking their own crude copper coins, often of inferior alloy and inconsistent weight, to facilitate basic trade and pay troops. These issues competed with remaining stocks of older Qing coins, Chinese silver sycee ingots (valued by weight), and a persistent influx of foreign silver coins, particularly the Mexican silver dollar, which served as a more trusted, high-value medium for larger transactions. The simultaneous circulation of these multiple forms of money, without fixed exchange rates, led to widespread confusion, arbitrage, and economic hardship for the common population.

Ultimately, the currency chaos of 1853 was a symptom of the profound political disintegration in the region. There was no central authority to guarantee value, enforce standards, or manage supply. This environment of monetary anarchy stifered regional commerce, encouraged hoarding, and contributed to inflationary pressures, as the value of locally minted coins plummeted against silver. The situation would remain volatile and fragmented until the eventual Qing reconquest of the region in the late 1870s, which sought to re-impose a unified imperial currency system.