4 Maravedis – Spain

In 1661, the Spanish monarchy under Philip IV was grappling with a severe and protracted monetary crisis, a direct consequence of decades of imperial overstretch and fiscal mismanagement. The core of the problem was the rampant debasement of the ubiquitous silver real and its larger denomination, the escudo. To finance endless wars and cover massive state deficits, the crown had repeatedly reduced the silver content in its coinage while officially maintaining its face value. This practice, combined with the widespread clipping of coins by the public, led to a proliferation of underweight and poor-quality currency in circulation, destroying public trust and disrupting commerce.

The situation created a chaotic two-tier monetary system. High-quality full-weight coins, both domestic and foreign (like the Spanish-American pieces of eight), were immediately hoarded or exported, following Gresham’s Law that "bad money drives out good." Meanwhile, everyday transactions were conducted with a confusing array of degraded and suspect coins, forcing merchants to weigh and assess each piece, and leading to price inflation as the real value of the currency fell. The crown’s attempts to fix the problem, such as the failed 1641–1642 currency reforms, only added to the confusion by introducing new denominations without resolving the fundamental issue of trust and intrinsic value.

This monetary instability was a symptom of the broader decline of Spanish hegemony. The flood of silver from the Americas, which had once financed Spain’s power, was now in sharp decline, yet the crown’s commitments remained. The desperate financial measures, including the 1661 decree to issue new copper vellón currency—a fiduciary coin with little intrinsic value—risked further inflation. Thus, the currency situation of 1661 reflected a kingdom caught in a vicious cycle: its fiscal desperation was destroying its monetary system, which in turn crippled its economy and eroded the very foundations of state revenue, deepening the crisis of the Spanish Habsburg empire.